Jumat, 14 Juni 2013

perasaan


perasaan


Ya ALLAH rasanya aku ingin menangis..
Mendengar kata ,Masa anak kuliahan gak tahu ??
Setelah mendengar kata2 itu rasanya hati ini sakit dan ingin menangis,,
Rasanya aku bodoh dan tidak tahu apa-apa..
Memang anak kuliahan harus tahu semua ? (dalam hati berkata)
Gak semua hal harus tahu kan,,
semua orang punya kesibukan masing-masing..

Hati ini sakit rasanya..
Awalnya aku bisa tahan dengan apa yg dikatakan mereka..
Tapi entah mengapa aku tak bisa tahan dengan perkataan mereka..
Padahal semua orang sibuk dengan apa yang mereka lakukan,
Dan gak semua hal harus tahu kan ??
Orang yang sudah tahu saja masih harus mencari yang belum tahu,,
Apalagi orang yang belum tahu,, akan terus belajar dan mencari tahu..

Ya Allah, apa yang harus saya lakukan saat ini…
Aku  tahu ,, apapun jalan-Mu Ya Allah,,
Itu yang terbaik untukku…
Ku yakin semua akan indah pada waktunya..
Semua itu butuh proses dan butuh pengorbanan untuk itu semua..
Ku yakin aku bisa ..

Biarlah orang lain berkata apa..
tetapi Hanya satu yang ku impikan,,
Aku hanya ingin membahagiakan keluargaku,,
Aku akan membuktikannya,,
Agar tidak dipandang sebelah mata oleh orang lain..
Do’a kan anakmu,, untuk dapat mewujudkan itu semua..

Love u my family ( mama dan bapak) :-*
You are my everything……

SAHABAT


“SAHABAT”

Sahabat adalah orang yg selalu ada untuk kita
Dikala waktu kita senang, sedih DIA selalu ada
Bukan hanya d’saat kita senang saja tetapi dalam keadaan apapun
Sahabat bukan menjatuhkan temannya sendiri
seorang sahabat seharusnya memberi semangat kepada temannya

Sahabat harus bisa mengerti bukan egois untuk dirinya sendiri
Sahabat selalu mendukung apa yang kita lakukan
Seorang sahabat akan selalu memberikan nasihat
Sahabat selalu menegur kita apabila kita melakukan kesalahan
Bukan malah menjatuhkan sahabatnya sendiri
Seorang sahabat akan membuat rasa nyaman dan saling mengasihi
Itulah yang namanya sahabat…

Minggu, 09 Juni 2013

ARTICLE ECONOMIC


May 14, 2013, 12:01 am
Keynes and Keynesianism
Bruce Bartlett held senior policy roles in the Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations and served on the staffs of Representatives Jack Kemp and Ron Paul. He is the author of “The Benefit and the Burden: Tax Reform – Why We Need It and What It Will Take.”
Before the recent brouhaha about John Maynard Keynes fades from memory, I’d like to make a few final comments about Keynesian economics.
Perspectives from expert contributors.
When I began studying economics in the early 1970s, the term “Keynesian” was already losing its luster. In fact, one can date the precise moment when it became passé: Jan. 4, 1971. On that day, President Richard Nixon gave a joint interview to several television journalists. After the cameras were off, he made an offhand comment to Howard K. Smith of ABC News that he was “now a Keynesian in economics.” The New York Times reported this statement in a brief article on Jan. 7, 1971.
The article says Mr. Smith was taken aback by Nixon’s statement, because Keynes was viewed as being well to the left, politically and economically, and Nixon was viewed as an arch-conservative. Mr. Smith said it was as if a Christian had said, “All things considered, I think Mohammad was right,” referring to the prophet who founded Islam.
The Times’s economics columnist Leonard Silk quickly noted the significance of Nixon’s remark and said the president was actually carrying out Keynesian policies at that moment. His budget for the next fiscal year, which would be released in a few weeks, would be “expansionary,” Nixon had said in his television interview. Instead of aiming for budgetary balance in nominal dollar terms, Nixon said he would aim to balance the budget on a “full employment” basis.
This statement was really no less controversial than the one Nixon made about Keynesian economics. Conservatives viewed it as a license to run budget deficits forever. The idea, now called the “cyclically adjusted deficit,” is to separate the share of the budget deficit resulting from a downturn in the economy, which automatically raises spending and reduces revenue, from its “structural” component, which is a function of the basic nature of the budget itself.

The point of looking at the deficit on a cyclically adjusted basis, which the Congressional Budget Office calculates regularly, is to avoid cutting spending that is only temporarily high and will fall automatically as the economy expands, or raising taxes that will automatically rise. Such actions would exacerbate the economic downturn.
According to the C.B.O., the economic downturn has increased the budget deficit by about 2.5 percent of the gross domestic product annually since 2009. It also calculates that if the economy were operating at its potential based on its productive capacity – what used to be called “full employment,” a term now in disuse among economists – G.D.P. would be $1 trillion larger this year.
Conservatives still don’t like calculating the deficit any way except literally. All adjustments are assumed to be tricks to make it look smaller, they believe. But back in 1971, having a Republican president talk about an expansionary budget policy and balancing the budget on a full employment basis was radical stuff indeed.
The irony, of course, is that Keynesian economics, which had dominated macroeconomic thinking since the war, was already dying. For decades it had been under intellectual assault by economists associated with the University of Chicago known as “monetarists.” Their most well-known spokesman was Milton Friedman, who argued against the Keynesians’ focus on fiscal policy – federal spending and taxing policy – and their inattention to monetary policy, which is conducted by the Federal Reserve.
As it happens, Friedman had said in 1965 that “we’re all Keynesians now” in the Dec. 31 issue of Time magazine. He later complained that his quote had been taken out of context. His full statement was, “In one sense, we are all Keynesians now; in another, nobody is any longer a Keynesian.” Friedman said the second half of his quote was as important as the first half.
But it wasn’t only those on the right, such as Friedman, who were abandoning Keynes; so were those on the left such as the Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith, an early and energetic supporter of Keynesian economics. In July 1971, he said that Keynes was obsolete because big business and big labor so controlled the economy that Keynesian economics didn’t work.
Galbraith said that it was “sad that Mr. Nixon has proclaimed himself a Keynesian at the very moment in history when Keynes has become obsolete.”
By 1976, it was common to hear world leaders denigrate Keynesian economics as primarily responsible for the problem of inflation. That year, Prime Minister James Callaghan of Britain, leader of the left-wing Labor Party, gave a speech to a party conference that repudiated the core Keynesian idea of a countercyclical fiscal policy. It only worked, he said, by injecting higher doses of inflation that eventually led to higher unemployment.
The following year, Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, of West Germany’s left-wing Social Democratic Party, likewise repudiated Keynesian economics. The German economy, he said, had avoided inflation by resisting the temptation to implement countercyclical fiscal policies during economic downturns. “The time for Keynesian economics is past,” Mr. Schmidt explained, “because the problem of the world today is inflation.”
On his blog last week, Paul Krugman took me to task for misconstruing the generality of Keynesian theory. My point was that policy makers in the early postwar era routinely accepted the idea that Keynesian stimulus was justified whenever the economy wasn’t doing as well as they wanted.
I acknowledge that this view derived mainly from economists who called themselves Keynesians rather than Keynes himself. He was, in fact, a strong opponent of inflation who would have opposed many “Keynesian policies” of the 1950s and 1960s, which contributed to the problem of stagflation in the 1970s that ultimately discredited those policies.
Economists and policy makers mostly forgot that Keynes prescribed budget surpluses during economic upswings to offset the deficits that he correctly advocated during downturns. In his 1940 book, “How to Pay for the War,” he advocated balancing the budget over the business cycle.
I think Milton Friedman was right that in a sense we are all Keynesians and not Keynesians at the same time. What I think he meant is that no one advocates Keynesian stimulus at all times, but that there are times, like now, when it is desperately needed. At other times we may need to be monetarists, institutionalists or whatever. We should avoid dogmatic attachment to any particular school of economic thought and use proper analysis to figure out the nature of our economic problem at that particular moment and the proper policy to deal with it.













Selasa, 28 Mei 2013

100 ISTILAH EKONOMI


No
ISTILAH EKONOMI
PENGERTIAN
1
Bank
Bank
2
Accumulation
Akumulasi
3
Barter
Barter
4
Business
Bisnis
5
Check
Cek
6
Embargo
Embargo
7
Commodity
Komoditi
8
Subsidy
Subsidi
9
Transfer
Transfer
10
Royalty
Royalti
11
Capital
Modal
12
Cost
Biaya
13
Ceiling Price
Harga eceran tertinggi
14
Demand
Permintaan
15
Supply
Penawaran
16
Elasticity of demand
Elastisitas harga dari permintaan
17
Elasticity of supply
Elastisitas harga dari penawaran
18
Equilibrium
Keseimbangan
19
Equilibrium price
Harga keseimbangan/harga pasar
20
Equilibrium quantity
Jumlah keseimbangan pasar
21
Engei’s law
Hukum angel
22
Diminishing marginal utility
Utilitas marginal yg semakin menurun
23
Indipendent variable
Variabel bebas
24
Dependent variable
Variabel terikat
25
Average product
Jumlah produk total
26
Law of diminishing return
Hukum hasil lebih yang semakin berkurang
27
Factor ceterisparibus
Faktor-faktor selain harga
28
Consumers surplus
Surplus konsumen
29
APL (Average Product of Labour)
Rata-rata produk yang dihasilkan oleh satu unit input variable
30
Isoquant
Kepuasan yang diukur secara objektif
31
Isocost
Biaya yang dikeluarkan produsen
32
Expense
Ongkos
33
Fixed cost
Biaya tetap
34
Variable cost
Biaya berubah
35
Total cost
Biaya total
36
Average cost
Biaya rata-rata
37
Average fixed cost
Biaya tetap rata-rata
38
Marginal cost
Biaya marginal
39
Ekspektasi
Harapan
40
Budget line
Garis anggaran
41
Income consumption curve
Kurva pendapatan konsumsi
42
Ecomonic profit
Besarnya keuntungan yang melebihi normal profit
43
Break event analyst
Analisis yang mempertimbangkan tingkat kuantitas penjualan perusahaan dimana penerimaan sama dgn pengeluaran biayanya
44
Break event point
Titik pilang pokok
45
Derived demand
Permintaan turunan
46
Economic man
Panusia ekonomi
47
Economise of scale
Skala ekonomi
48
Economies of scope
Kehematan ekonomis karena menghasilkan  berbagai barang dan jasa
49
Exclusion principel
Prinsip eksklusi
50
Impicit-cost elements
Unsur biaya implisit
51
Income
Penghasilan
52
Indifference map
Peta indeferen
53
Inelastic demand
Permintaan inelastis
54
Least-cost production rule
Ketentuan produksi biaya termurah
55
Marginal revenue
Hasil penjualan marginal
56
Opportunity cost
Biaya kesempatan
57
Insurance premiums
Premi asuransi
58
Debt
Utang
59
Personal Income
Penghasilan pribadi
60
Underemployed
Setengah menganggur
61
Open unemployement
Pengangguran terbuka
62
Government
Pemerintah
63
Consumtion
Konsumsi
64
Investasi
Investasi
65
Export
Ekspor
66
Import
Impor
67
Interest
Bunga
68
Lease
Sewa
69
Planning
Perencanaan
70
Organizing
Organisasi
71
Stability of value
Kestabilan nilai
72
Elasticity of supply
Elastisitas penawaran
73
Portability
Portabilitas
74
Average product
Rata-rata produk
75
Assets
Harta/ aktiva
76
Semi variable cost
Biaya semi variable
77
Semi fixed cost
Biaya semi fixed
78
Direct cost
Biaya langsung
79
Indirect cost
Biaya tak langsung
80
Administrative cost
Biaya administrasi
81
Administrative expense budget
Anggaran untuk biaya administrasi
82
Actual cost
Biaya actual
83
Expired cost
Biaya yang sudah dikonsumsi habis pada tahun berjalan
84
Relevant cost
Biaya relevan
85
Differencial cost
Biaya diferensial
86
Imputed cost
Biaya modal sendiri
87
Job order costing
Harga pokok pesanan
88
Process costing
Harga pokok proses
89
Mixed cost
Biaya campuran
90
Joint cost
Biaya bersama
91
Cost accounting
Akuntansi biaya
92
Current Asset
Harta lancer
93
Fixed Asset
Aktiva tetap
94
Account Payable
Hutang Usaha
95
Account Receivable
Piutang Usaha
96
Accounting Cycle
Siklus Akuntansi
97
Adjusting Entries
Ayat Jurnal Penyesuaian
98
Adjusted Trial Balance
Neraca Saldo Disesuaikan
99
Net Income
Laba Bersih
100
Note Payable
Wesel Bayar
101
Note Receivable
Wesel Tagih (Piutang Wesel)